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In the past 37 years, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) has undergone various major transmission routes in China, with the world most complex co-circulating HIV-1 subtypes, even the prevalence is still low. In response to the first epidemic outbreak of HIV in injecting drug users and the second one by illegal commercial blood collection, China issued the Anti-Drug Law and launched the Blood Donation Act and nationwide nucleic acid testing, which has avoided 98,232 to 211,200 estimated infections and almost ended the blood product-related infection. China has been providing free antiretroviral therapy (ART) since 2003, which covered >80% of the identified patients and achieved a viral suppression rate of 91%. To bend the curve of increasing the disease burden of HIV and finally end the epidemic, China should consider constraining HIV spread through sexual transmission, narrowing the gaps in identifying HIV cases, and the long-term effectiveness and safety of ART in the future.
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Humans , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control , China/epidemiology , Disease Outbreaks , HIV Infections/prevention & control , PrevalenceABSTRACT
The global incidence of breast cancer has increased year by year. Breast cancer has the highest mortality rate in female patients with malignant tumors. Traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） has made great contribution to health of human being， improving the overall curative effect， reducing the patients' pain， improving the quality of life and alleviating adverse reactions in patients. TCM and its active compounds can inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer cells by inducing cell cycle arrest， invasion， metastasis and reversing multidrug resistance. The effect of the compounds in TCM is obvious on inducing the arrest of the breast cancer cells cycle. It′s a novel method to fight against breast cancer by influencing the progress of the breast cancer cell cycle and inducing the cell cycle arrest in breast cancer cells. Lots of studies have shown that the G2/M phase checkpoint which transition from gap-phase （G2 phase） to mitotic phase （M phase） in the cell cycle is the key point for cell survival or death. Many antitumor drugs can inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells through the cell cycle arrest. We summarized the domestic and foreign literatures in recent years， and comprehensively explained the research progress on the related regulatory molecules in G2/M arrest. In addition， we summarized and sorted out the researches on the methods and ways of alkaloids， polysaccharides， terpenes， flavonoids， saponins and other active compounds of TCM in inducing the G2/M arrest of human breast cancer cells. By summarizing the active compounds of various Chinese medicines in inducing G2/M arrest of breast cancer cells， and reviewing the research progress on mechanism of active TCM compounds for inhibiting the proliferation of breast cancer cells， we will， in this paper， investigate the mechanism of active TCM compounds for inhibiting the proliferation of breast cancer cells through inducing G2/M arrest of human breast cancer cells， so as to provide a scientific basis for in-depth research on the anti-breast cancer mechanism of the active compounds in TCM.
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Cycas revolute Thunb is a first class protected plant in China and has high medicinal value. As early as the Qing dynasty, it was recorded that Cycas was use to treat disease. Early research on Cycas mainly focused on classification, protection and breeding. In recent years, people began to study the main chemical constituents, chemical structure and pharmacological effects of Cycas, which laid a solid theoretical foundation for the further development and utilization of Cycas. At present, most of amentoflavone derivatives and hinokiflavone derivatives found in Cycas have the therapeutic effect on tumor. In addition to the antitumor activity, the extracts of Cycas also have antibacterial, antioxidant and immunological activities.
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Objective To study the effect of the icariin on apoptosis and cytoskeleton of osteoblasts in response to overload damage. Methods The four-point bending loading device was used to simulate the mechanical environment of overload damage and establish the cell overload damage model. According to whether the drugs were added before or after mechanical loading, the experiment was divided into blank control group, icariin group, damage group, damage prevention group and damage treatment group. Cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. The specific fluorescent dyes were used to label the actin filament and the nucleus, and the changes of cytoskeleton were observed under laser scanning confocal microscope. Results Compared with control group, the apoptosis rate of damage group was the highest, and the icariin group was the lowest (P<0.05). Compared with damage group, the apoptosis rate of the damage prevention group was the lowest (P<0.05). The damage group showed cell shrinkage deformation, microfilaments disorganization, loosely arranged skeleton with vague outline, even broken skeleton. The morphological changes of cytoskeleton in damage prevention group were not significant, and there was no obvious change in cell nucleus. Conclusions Icariin can inhibit the apoptosis of osteoblasts after overload injury and maintain the stability of cytoskeleton to some extent.
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Objective To explore the effect of hypergravity on morphology and osteogenesis function of preosteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells. Methods The cultured MC3T3-E1 cells under hypergravity by different loading forces were divided into five groups, including control group, 5 g group, 10 g group, 15 g group and 20 g group. The experimental groups were loaded for 30 min each time in the three successive days, and the control group was synchronously exposed to the same surrounding except for difference in g-value. The morphology of cytoskeletal protein was observed by phalloidin staining, The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) content was examined by ALP activity assay kit, the gene expression of ALP, collagen Ⅰ(ColⅠ), osteocalcin (OC), runt-related transcription factors (Runx2) was measured by real-time quantitative PCR, and the protein expression of ColⅠ and OC was tested by Western blot. Results Under the condition of hypergravity, cell body of osteoblast became thinner, but its surface area increased significantly; with the structure of skeletal arrangement becoming loose, actin microfilament structure reduced so that arrangement of actin-like dispersion orderly lowered. The gene expressions of related indicators of osteogenic differentiation including ALP, ColⅠ, OC, Runx2 loaded by hypergravity were significantly up-regulated, which was the same as ColⅠ protein and OC protein after hypergravity loading. There was only a very minute quantity of small red-orange nodules in the control group, while the cells after hypergravity loading in experimental groups obviously formed various sizes of red-orange nodules. Conclusions Under hypergravity, changes in osteoblast morphology can be triggered by rearrangements of skeletal structure. Furthermore, osteoblast maturation and differentiation can be stimulated effectively by up-regulating differentiation-related gene and protein expressions.
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Objective To construct a three-dimensional (3D) solid model of the cortical bone including osteons, verify the stress concentration effect of osteons, simulate and predict the stress concentration location under fatigue using finite element analysis (FEA). Methods The 3D solid model of the cortical bone including osteons was constructed in Pro/E wildfire 5.0, and local stress and strain distributions in the cortical bone under different axial compression were calculated and analyzed in ANSYS 12.0. Fatigue simulation on the selected locations was conducted to evaluate fatigue status of the model subjected to different fatigue loading intensities. Results Obvious stress concentration at the junction of osteon and the interstitical bone appeared under axial compressive loads, and the percentage of pathological local strain in the cortical bone increased with the axial compression increasing. Fatigue simulation on the selected locations demonstrated that bone fatigue risk during physiological or daily activities was very low, while a high fatigue or fracture risk might occur during high-intensity exercises or training. Conclusions The 3D solid model of the cortical bone including osteons is successfully established, the stress concentration effect of osteons is verified, and the location of bone fatigue damage under strenuous exercise and its risk are predicted. These experimental results can provide references for training management and athletic fatigue damage prevention in military recruits and long distance running athletes.
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Objective To construct a three-dimensional (3D) solid model of the cortical bone including osteons,verify the stress concentration effect of osteons,simulate and predict the stress concentration location under fatigue using finite element analysis (FEA).Methods The 3D solid model of the cortical bone including osteons was constructed in Pro/E wildfire 5.0,and local stress and strain distributions in the cortical bone under different axial compression were calculated and analyzed in ANSYS 12.0.Fatigue simulation on the selected locations was conducted to evaluate fatigue status of the model subjected to different fatigue loading intensities.Results Obvious stress concentration at the junction of osteon and the interstitical bone appeared under axial compressive loads,and the percentage of pathological local strain in the cortical bone increased with the axial compression increasing.Fatigue simulation on the selected locations demonstrated that bone fatigue risk during physiological or daily activities was very low,while a high fatigue or fracture risk might occur during high-intensity exercises or training.Conclusions The 3 D solid model of the cortical bone including osteons is successfully established,the stress concentration effect of osteons is verified,and the location of bone fatigue damage under strenuous exercise and its risk are predicted.These experimental results can provide references for training management and athletic fatigue damage prevention in military recruits and long distance running athletes.
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Objective To explore the effect of hypergravity on morphology and osteogenesis function of preosteoblast MC3T3-E1 ceils.Methods The cultured MC3T3-E1 cells under hypergravity by different loading forces were divided into five groups,including control group,5 g group,10 g group,15 g group and 20 g group.The experimental groups were loaded for 30 min each time in 3 successive days,and the control group with no g-value was synchronously exposed to the same surrounding.The morphology of cytoskeletal protein was observed by phalIoidin staining,The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) content was examined by ALP activity assay kit,the gene expression of ALP,collagen Ⅰ (Col Ⅰ),osteocalcin (OC),runt-related transcription factors (Runx2) was measured by real-time quantitative PCR,and the protein expression of Col Ⅰ and OC was tested by Western blotting.Results Under the condition of hypergravity,cell body of osteoblast became thinner,but its surface area increased significantly;with the structure of skeletal arrangement becoming loose,actin microfilament structure reduced so that the orderly arrangement of actin-like dispersion lowered.The gene expressions of related indicators of osteogenic differentiation including ALP,Col][,OC,Runx2 were significantly up-regulated,which was the same as Col Ⅰ protein and OC protein after hypergravity loading.A very minute quantity of small red-orange nodules was found in the control group,while the cells in experimental groups after hypergravity loading obviously formed various sizes of red-orange nodules.Conclusions Under hypergravity,changes in osteoblast morphology can be triggered by rearrangements of skeletal structure.Furthermore,osteoblast maturation and differentiation can be stimulated effectively by up-regulating differentiation-related gene and protein expressions.
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Objective To explore the effect of hypergravity on morphology and osteogenesis function of preosteoblast MC3T3-E1 ceils.Methods The cultured MC3T3-E1 cells under hypergravity by different loading forces were divided into five groups,including control group,5 g group,10 g group,15 g group and 20 g group.The experimental groups were loaded for 30 min each time in 3 successive days,and the control group with no g-value was synchronously exposed to the same surrounding.The morphology of cytoskeletal protein was observed by phalIoidin staining,The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) content was examined by ALP activity assay kit,the gene expression of ALP,collagen Ⅰ (Col Ⅰ),osteocalcin (OC),runt-related transcription factors (Runx2) was measured by real-time quantitative PCR,and the protein expression of Col Ⅰ and OC was tested by Western blotting.Results Under the condition of hypergravity,cell body of osteoblast became thinner,but its surface area increased significantly;with the structure of skeletal arrangement becoming loose,actin microfilament structure reduced so that the orderly arrangement of actin-like dispersion lowered.The gene expressions of related indicators of osteogenic differentiation including ALP,Col][,OC,Runx2 were significantly up-regulated,which was the same as Col Ⅰ protein and OC protein after hypergravity loading.A very minute quantity of small red-orange nodules was found in the control group,while the cells in experimental groups after hypergravity loading obviously formed various sizes of red-orange nodules.Conclusions Under hypergravity,changes in osteoblast morphology can be triggered by rearrangements of skeletal structure.Furthermore,osteoblast maturation and differentiation can be stimulated effectively by up-regulating differentiation-related gene and protein expressions.
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The growth and metabolism of bone are controlled by osteogenesis of osteoblasts and absorption of osteoclasts, and osteoblasts play a main role in the process of osteogenesis. Overload will affect proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts, while the loading mode, intensity, duration and other factors can change the biological properties of osteoblasts and further affect the functional activity of osteoblasts. However, the mechanism of osteoblast response to overload is still at the exploratory stage and needs in-depth study. Numerous studies have demonstrated that icariin, a kind of Chinese herbal medicine, can promote proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts, and icariin with a certain concentration plays an important role in the repair of osteoblast injuries. In this paper, the response of osteoblasts to overload stimulation and repair of osteoblast injuries by icariin were summarized.
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OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of a novel naphthalimide-polyamine conjugate on apoptosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cell line. METHODS: MTT assay was used to evaluate the cell inhibition rate. The cellular morphous was detected with AO/EB/Hoechst staining, the ROS was detected with DCFH-DA staining, the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) was detected with Rh123 staining, the expression of caspase-9 and PARP-1 was detected by immunofluorescence method. The cell cycle was detected by HCS. Apoptosis of HepG2 cells was quantified by flow cytometry using Annexin V/PI stain. RESULTS: Proliferation of HepG2 cells was inhibited significantly by the naphthalimide-polyamine conjugate in a dosage dependant manner. Under HCS, some HepG2 cells underwent a typical apoptotic morphologic change and the expression of ROS and caspase-9 was increased. The expression of PARP-1 and the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) was detected decreased. Flow cytometry indicates 64.12% HepG2 cells were induced apoptosis after 48 h incubation with 25 μmol·L-1 naphthalimide-polyamine conjugate. CONCLUSION: The naphthalimide-polyamine conjugate could significantly induce the apoptosis of HepG2 cells by the mitochondrial pathway. The mechanism is concerned with increasing ROS, decreasing the mitochondrial membrane potential, upgrading caspase-9 and decreasing the expression of PARP-1.
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? AlM: To evaluate the efficacy of the method of vitrectomy combined with posterior sclera reinforcement for retinal detachment due to macular hole in high myopia. ?METHODS:From January 2012 to December 2013, in 45 eyes of 45 high myopic patients with retinal detachment due to macular hole, 28 eyes were in group A of vitrectomy with posterior sclera reinforcement and 17 eyes were in group B of vitrectomy. Preoperative examinations included visual acuity, intraocular pressure, indirect ophthalmoscopy and OCT were performed. ln follow - up 6 to 12mo, postoperative examinations of visual acuity, OCT were performed and effects of retinal reattachment and macular hole closure were compared between the two groups. ?RESULTS: ( 1 ) Postoperative examinations: visual acuity was 1. 19±0. 39 in group A and 1. 51±0. 34 in group B. The differences were statistically significant(P0. 05). (3) The macular hole closure rate was 82% in group A and 53% in group B. The differences were statistically significant(P ? CONCLUSlON: The treatment of vitrectomy with posterior sclera reinforcement is safe and feasible, which could improve visual acuity and increase the rate of macular hole closure in treating retinal detachment due to macular hole in high myopia.
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To discover an efficient strategy for the conversion of the antibacterial activity of fluoroquinolones into the antitumor activity, the three series of C-3 s-triazole-based derivatives including sulfide ketones (6a-6g), thiosemicarbazones (7a-7g) and fused heterocyclic thiazolotriazoles (8a-8g) were synthesized from ciprofloxacin (1), respectively. The structures were characterized by elemental analysis and spectral data. The antitumor activity was tested against three tumor cell lines (Hep-3B, Capan-1 and HL60) using the MTT assay. The three types of compounds all exhibited stronger anti-proliferative activities than ciprofloxacin in the test. The order of their activities was in compounds 7>8>6, and the order of selectivity against cancer cell lines was Capan-1, Hep-3B and HL60. Meanwhile, the SAR revealed that some compounds with electron-drawing group substituted such as fluoro- and nitro-phenyl compounds (6f, 7f, 8f) and (6g, 7g, 8g) displayed more significant activity than the control compounds, especially the IC50 values of thiosemicarbazone compounds 7f and 7g against Capan-1 was comparable to doxorubicin. Thus, a five-membered triazole as the C-3 bioisostere modified with the functionalized side-chain of sulfide-ketone thiosemicarbazone warrants special attention and further investigation.
Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents , Chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents , Pharmacology , Cell Line, Tumor , Ciprofloxacin , Chemistry , Doxorubicin , Pharmacology , HL-60 Cells , Ketones , Pharmacology , Sulfides , Pharmacology , Triazoles , PharmacologyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study sexual behavioral characteristics, infection status of HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STDs) among women who have sex with women (WSW) in Beijing.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 150 WSWs were recruited by snowball sampling in several main types of activity sites of WSW (including NGOs, salons, bars, etc.) in Beijing during September 2010 to April 2011. Information on demographic factors, sexual behavioral characteristics, infection status of STDs, and use of medical care were collected by questionnaire investigation. Serum samples, vaginal and cervical swabs were taken for each subject to test HIV, hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV), syphilis, herpes simplex virus (HSV), neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachoma, bacterial vaginosis, trichomonas vaginalis and mycotic vaginitis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The age range of the subjects was from 19 to 46 years old. Approximately 82.67% (124/150) of them aged 20 to 29 years old, and 54.00% (81/150) were unmarried. Approximately 76.67% (115/150) had an education level of college degree or above, and 70.67% (106/150) were migrants. Approximately 66.66% (100/150) of the subjects considered themselves as homosexual, 28.00% (42/150) as bisexual. The age at first homosexual sex ranged from 11 to 30 years old. The median of number of female sex partners in last 1 year was 1, and 33.78% (50/148) of the subjects had 2 or more female sex partners. Approximately 20.27% (30/148) of the subjects applied sex instruments, of which 66.67% (20/30) never or seldom used condoms. Hand-clitoris and hand-vagina contacts were the main types of woman-to-woman sex, accounting for 91.22% (135/148). 12.00% (18/150) of the subjects had sex with men during last year. Among them, 50.00% (9/18) used condoms at last heterosexual sex, and 66.67% (12/18) never or seldom used condoms at last heterosexual sex in past 1 year. One subject provided paid sex service for men, and used condoms every time. In the past one year, 45.33% (68/150) of the subjects had symptoms of STDs, but only 36.76% (25/68) of them sought medical care. The infection rate of STDs was 34.67% (52/150). The infection rates of NG and GV were both 16.11% (24/149), and those of mycotic vaginitis, chlamydia trachoma, and TV were 8.72% (13/149), 4.03% (6/149), and 0.67% (1/150), respectively. The numbers of subjects tested positive for HBV, HCV, and syphilis were all 1. No subjects were found HIV positive or HSV-2 positive.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Multiple sexual partners and heterosexual sex behavior were common among WSW in Beijing. More than 1/3 of the subjects were infected with STD.</p>
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Young Adult , China , Epidemiology , HIV Infections , Epidemiology , Homosexuality, Female , Sexual Behavior , Sexual Partners , Sexually Transmitted Diseases , Epidemiology , Unsafe SexABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the dynamic change and associated risk factors of HIV sero-conversion rate in Beijing.Methods 809 sero-negative men who have sex with men (MSM) were recruited in the cohort from August to December in 2009.HIV sero-antibody,medicinal examination and behavior questionnaire interview were carried out every six months.Results 962 MSM with overall baseline prevalence of HIV infection as 6.34％ (61/962) together with 809 seronegative MSM,were enrolled in the cohort.Of the 809 sero-negative participants,95.1％ (769/809),85.5％ ( 692/809 ) and 71.0％ ( 574/809 ) of them were retained in the 6-month,12-month and 18- month follow-up visits,with 19,29 and 17 of them became HIV sero-conversion at 6-month,12-month,and 18-month follow-up visits and the HIV incidence rates appeared to be 5.47,12.37 and 6.86 per 100 person-years respectively.The HIV incidence was 7.59 per 100 person-years in the 18 months follow-up visit.Factors including:younger than 25-years old (HR =2.32,95％CI:1.39-3.87),having more than 8 MSM partners (HR=2.50,95％CI:1.49-4.20),less than RMB 2000 Yuan every month income (HR=1.76,95％CI:1.06-2.95 ),having more than 4 homosexual partners in the last six months (HR=3.50,95％ CI:2.11 -5.81 ),showing phimosis and redundant prepuce (HR=2.47,95％ CI:1.50-4.07 ) as well as positive syphilis test (HR=2.62,95％CI:1.53-4.49) etc.,were significantly associated with HIV incidence.Conclusion High HIV incidence was shown among MSM in Beijing and had spread fast in this population,calling for more favorable prevention measures to be taken.
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<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Previous studies have shown evidence of health-related risk behaviors among women who have sex with women (WSW), such as sex with men, multiple bisexual partners, and drug use. Women who have sex with women have also been known to avoid routine physical examinations and conceal their same-sex history from physicians, which can affect their ability to receive an accurate diagnosis and treatment. No previous research has targeted women who have sex with women in China. We sought to describe women who have sex with women in China and explore risk factors for their reproductive tract infections (RTI)/sexually transmitted infections (STI).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Participants were recruited through outreach in venues and online for a cross-sectional study. Data were collected using interviews and laboratory tests.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>We recruited 224 women who have sex with women. In the year preceding their participation in the study, 92% (206/224) of women reported sexual relations with women. The RTI rates were: gonorrhea (15.8%), chlamydia (3.5%), syphilis (0.5%), bacterial vaginosis (14.4%), hepatitis B virus (HBV) (0.9%), hepatitis C virus (HCV) (0.5%), and candidiasis (6.9%). No HIV or herpes simplex virus (HSV) positive cases were detected. Factors associated with gonorrhea infection were non-Beijing local residency (odds ratio (OR) = 2.1, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2 - 3.8) and genital-genital contact (OR = 3.1, 95%CI: 1.3 - 7.2); factors associated with curable STI (excluding bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis, HBV and HCV) were non-Beijing local residency (OR = 1.9; 95%CI: 1.2 - 3.0) and bleeding during or after sex (OR = 18.1; 95%CI: 5.2 - 62.6); and the factor associated with RTI (including all the infections tested) was bleeding during or after sex (OR = 37.8, 95%CI: 11.2 - 127.4).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Behaviors that may cause RTI/STI exist among Chinese women who have sex with women. Researchers should consider these behaviors when planning corresponding prevention and interventions.</p>
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Adult , Female , Humans , Young Adult , Candidiasis , Epidemiology , China , Gonorrhea , Epidemiology , Hepatitis B , Epidemiology , Hepatitis C , Epidemiology , Homosexuality, Female , Risk Factors , Sexually Transmitted Diseases , Epidemiology , Syphilis , Epidemiology , Vaginosis, Bacterial , EpidemiologyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the incidence and risk factors of HIV and syphilis seroconversion among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Beijing.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 550 MSM were recruited on the basis of community and followed up after 6 and 12 months in Beijing. Each subject was investigated by only one investigator at one time to collect information on demographics and behaviors. Blood samples were collected to test HIV and syphilis seroconversion. ELISA was used for screening test, west blotting (WB) and Particle agglutination were used for confirmatory test.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 550 MSM investigated, among which 4.5% (25/550) were HIV-positive and 29.3% (161/550) were syphilis-positive. For 525 HIV-negative MSM, 87.0% (457/525) retained during the 12-month investigation. Seroincidence for HIV and syphilis were 3.37/100 person-years (95%CI = 1.66 - 5.08) and 9.32/100 person-years (95%CI = 5.87 - 12.77) respectively. HIV seroconversions for those who performed and did not perform rectal douching after homosexual anal intercourse in the past 3 months were 7.11/100 and 0.76/100 person-years respectively. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that rectal douching after homosexual anal intercourse in the past 3 months (HR = 9.23, 95%CI = 2.08 - 40.88) was significantly associated with HIV seroconversion. Syphilis seroconversions for those who met male sex partners in parks, public washrooms or bathhouses in the past 3 months were 41.77/100 and 7.97/100 person-years respectively. Syphilis seroconversions for those who performed and did not perform rectal douching after homosexual anal intercourse in the past 3 months were 16.17/100 and 4.92/100 person-years respectively. In the past 3 months, meeting male sex partners in parks, public washrooms or bathhouses (HR = 4.67, 95%CI = 1.77 - 12.34) and performing rectal douching after homosexual anal intercourse (HR = 3.09, 95%CI = 1.40 - 6.83) were significantly associated with syphilis seroconversion.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The seroconversions of HIV and syphilis during the follow-up visits in this MSM cohort study in Beijing were very serious, and that the associated factors for seroconversions were rectal douching after homosexual anal intercourse and meeting male sex partners in parks, public washrooms or bathhouses.</p>
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Antibodies, Bacterial , Blood , China , Epidemiology , HIV , Allergy and Immunology , HIV Antibodies , Blood , HIV Infections , Blood , Epidemiology , HIV Seropositivity , Blood , Epidemiology , Homosexuality, Male , Incidence , Risk Factors , Sexual Behavior , Syphilis , Blood , Epidemiology , Treponema pallidum , Allergy and ImmunologyABSTRACT
The glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a member of the transforming growth factor beta (Tgf-beta) superfamily, which is produced by Sertoli cells and plays an important role in the proliferation and differentiation of spermatogonial stem cells (SSC). The addition of proper amount of GDNF to the culture media can promote SSC proliferation in vitro. Besides, GDNF regulates the self-renewal and differentiation of SSCs through various signaling pathways. This review focuses on the effects of GDNF on the proliferation and differentiation of mammalian SSCs and GDNF-mediated signaling pathways.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Cell Differentiation , Cell Proliferation , Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor , Metabolism , Mammals , Signal Transduction , Spermatogonia , Cell Biology , Stem Cells , Cell BiologyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze sexual behavior characteristics and sexually transmitted diseases such as AIDS infections in man who have sex with men (MSM) of Beijing Chaoyang district.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Through selecting 10 MSM as seed in Chaoyang district of the existing education member companion in its main activity place, using snowball sampling to select 1008 people that 16 years old or above, nearly a year had sex with male in Chaoyang to conduct an investigation.Questionnaires were used to investigate the general conditions, characteristics of sexual behaviors, condom usage, AIDS knowledge awareness and sexually transmitted diseases history. Each participant was asked to exsanguinated 5 ml peripheral blood for applying ELISA for HIV, syphilis helicoids detection and HIV positive samples confirm test. Using χ(2) test on the statistical analysis of the data.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In the 1008 MSM, most of them were with the age of 20 - 29 years old (66.6%, 671/1008), giving priority to unmarried (79.1%, 797/1008), college degree and above culture during accounted for 43.3% (436/1008), 56.2% (566/1008) had both male and female sexual partners; the rate of temporary sexual partners who were one-night stand objects or friends or guest was 72.2% (226/313). The forever condom utilization rate was 29.0% (170/587) in MSM who had both male and female sexual partners, lower than that who had both male and female sexual partners (47.2%, 345/731). That the study objects of HIV infection who can use condom correctly rate was 3.6% (16/442), and that who never or occasionally used condom rate was 8.5% (24/228). AIDS, gonorrhea and other sexually transmitted diseases (to give priority to the acuteness wet wart) infection rates were 4.8% (6/124), 10.5% (13/124) and 8.9% (11/124) in those who had the history of group sex, and that was 5.9% (52/884), 1.9% (17/884) and 2.3% (20/884) in those who without the history of group sex. The research object's gonorrhea and other sexually transmitted diseases (to give priority to the acuteness wet wart) who provided commercial sex service infection rates were 7.7% (9/117) and 6.8% (8/117), significantly higher than those who did not provide a commercial sex service object of study subject (2.4% (21/891)and 2.6% (23/891)).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>HIV infection is high among MSM population. Types and identification of sexual partners, and condom use are associated with HIV and STD infection.</p>
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome , Epidemiology , China , Epidemiology , Homosexuality, Male , Sexual Behavior , Sexually Transmitted Diseases , Epidemiology , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Objective To study the prevalence and risk factors of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Beijing. Methods A sample of 550 MSM was recruited between March and June in 2008 in Beijing. Interviewer-administered interviews were conducted to collect information on demographics and behaviors. Blood samples were collected to test for HIV,syphilis,HBsAg and HCV infections. Chi-square test and logistic regression model were used to identify risk factors associated with HIV infection. Results Of the 550 eligible MSM surveyed,HIV prevalence appeared to be 4.5% (25/550). Data from multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that factors as reporting unprotected anal intercourse with causal male sexual partners in the last month (X~2=11.381,P=0.001),rectal douching after homosexual anal intercourse in the past three months (X~2=5.326,P=0.021),feeling sad in the last month (X~2=8.809,P=0.003) were significantly associated with HIV infection. Conclusion Health education on safer sex behavior and mental health care should be taken to hinder the speed of HIV transmission among MSM.